> ## Documentation Index > Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://docs.sayed.app/llms.txt > Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further. # Chapter 1: Lighting ## 1.1 SCOPE The basic requirements for building lighting are that adequate light of the right quality is provided and that proper attention is given to the appearance and artistic features of the lighting fixtures and the effects they produce. This chapter, read together with Chapter 2 Electrical Installation covers the illumination level requirements in buildings and methods of achieving these requirements. ## 1.2 TERMINOLOGY This section provides an alphabetical list of the terms used in and applicable to this chapter of the Code. In case of any conflict or contradiction between a definition given in this section and that in Part 1, the meaning provided in this section shall govern for interpretation of the provisions of this chapter. **BRIGHTNESS :** The luminous intensity of any surface in a given direction per unit of projected area of the surface, as viewed from that direction. **COLOUR :** Aspect of visual perception by which an observer may distinguish between two fields of view of the same size, shape and structure, as may be caused by differences in the spectral composition of the radiation concerned. **COLOUR APPEARANCE :** One of the two factors characterizing the colour qualities of a lamp. Lamps are usually divided into three groups according to their colour appearance : warm, intermediate and cool. **COLOUR RENDERING :** The colour rendering property of a lamp is described by its colour rendering index, $R_a$; the higher the index the better the colour rendering property. The colour rendering index of a lamp is a measure of the degree to which the psychophysical colours of objects illuminated by the lamp conform to those of the same objects illuminated by a reference lamp, under specified conditions. **CONTRAST :** The contrast of a small object of uniform luminance seen against a background of uniform luminance is the difference between object luminance and background luminance expressed as a ratio of the background luminance. **GLARE :** The sensation produced by luminance within the visual field that is sufficiently greater than the luminance to which the eyes are adapted to cause annoyance, discomfort, or loss in visual performance and visibility. The magnitude of the sensation of glare depends upon such factors as the size, position and luminance of a source, the number of sources and the luminance to which the eyes are adapted. **GLARE, DIRECT :** Glare caused by a bright light source appearing in the normal field of view of an observer. **GLARE, DISABILITY :** Glare that impairs the vision, measured in terms of deterioration of visual performance (contrast sensitivity). **GLARE, DISCOMFORT :** Glare that induces a feeling of discomfort; the degree of discomfort can only be measured subjectively. **GLARE, REFLECTED :** Glare caused by the reflection of bright light source on a glossy surface. **ILLUMINANCE :** The quantity of light or luminous flux falling on unit area of a surface. **ILLUMINATION :** The application of visible radiation to an object. **INCANDESCENCE :** Emission of visible radiation by thermal excitation. **LAMP, FLUORESCENT :** Discharge lamp in which most of the light is emitted by a layer of fluorescent material excited by the ultraviolet radiation from the discharge. **LAMP, INCANDESCENT :** Lamp in which light is produced by means of an element heated to incandescence by the passage of an electric current. **LIGHTING, GENERAL :** Lighting designed to illuminate an area in general, without particular provision for any special local requirements within that area. **LIGHTING, LOCALIZED :** Lighting designed to increase the illuminance at certain specified positions; for instance those at which work is carried on. **LUMEN :** The luminous flux emitted within unit solid angle (one steradian) by a point source having a uniform intensity of one Candela. **LUMINAIRE :** A complete lighting apparatus consisting of a lamp or lamps together with the parts designed to distribute, filter or transform the light, to fix and protect the lamps and to connect them to the supply circuit. **LUMINANCE (AT A POINT) :** The ratio of the luminous intensity in a given direction of an infinitesimal element of the surface containing the point under consideration, to the orthogonal projection of the element on a plane perpendicular to the given direction. It is proportional to the product of the illuminance and the surface reflectance, the latter being the ratio of the reflected luminous flux to the incident luminous flux. **LUMINOUS FLUX :** The quantity characteristic of radiant flux which expresses its capacity to produce visual sensation evaluated according to the values of relative luminous efficiency for the light-adapted eye. **MAINTENANCE FACTOR :** The ratio of the average illuminance on the working plane, after a certain period of use of a lighting installation, to the average illuminance obtained under the same conditions for the same lighting installation when new. **REFLECTION FACTOR :** The ratio of light reflected from a surface to the total light falling on the surface. The reflection factor varies with the roughness of the surface as well as the darkness of the colour. **UTILIZATION FACTOR :** The ratio of the flux received on the working plane to the sum of the fluxes from all the lamps in the interior. **WORKING PLANE :** A horizontal plane at a level at which work will normally be done. Where a visual task is required to be carried out throughout an interior, general illumination of the value recommended for the working plane is necessary; where the precise height and location of the task are not known or cannot be easily specified, the recommended value is that on a horizontal plane 850 mm above the floor level. For an industrial task, working plane for the purpose of general illumination levels may be taken at 760 mm above the floor level. For certain purposes, such as viewing the objects of art, the illumination levels recommended are for the vertical plane at which the art pieces are placed. ## 1.3 ILLUMINATION ### 1.3.1 Principle of Lighting The essential features of an efficient lighting system are : * visual comfort through adequate illumination of the working surface, prevention of glare, and avoidance of shadows, * ease of maintenance. The design of a lighting system shall involve: a) careful planning of the brightness and colour pattern within both the working areas and the surroundings so that attention is drawn naturally to the important areas, detail is seen quickly and accurately, and the room is free from any sense of gloom or monotony, b) use of directional lighting to assist perception of task detail, c) controlling direct and reflected glare from light sources to eliminate visual discomfort, d) minimizing flicker from certain types of lamps and paying attention to the colour rendering properties of the light, e) the correlation of lighting throughout the building to prevent excessive differences between adjacent areas, so as to reduce the risk of accidents, and f) the installation of emergency lighting systems, where necessary. Table 8.1.1 shows the general impressions associated with different illuminance and colour appearances of light. Table 8.1.2 gives the various colour rendering groups with examples of use. | **Illuminance (lux)** | **Warm** | **Intermediate** | **Cool** | | ------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------------------------- | | \< 500 500 - 1000 1000 - 2000 2000 - 3000 ≥ 3000 | pleasant pleasant to stimulating stimulating stimulating to unnatural unnatural | neutral neutral to pleasant pleasant pleasant to stimulating stimulating | cool cool to neutral neutral neutral to pleasant pleasant | | | | **Associated Impression (Colour Appearance)** | | **Table 8.1.1** General Impressions Associated with Different Illuminance and Colour Appearances | **Colour rendering Group** | **Range of Index $R_a$** | **Colour Appearance** | **Examples of Use** | | -------------------------- | ------------------------ | ---------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | 1 | $R_a ≥ 85$ | Cool Intermediate Warm | Textile industries, paint and printing industries Shops, hospitals Homes, hotels, restaurants | | 2 | $70 ≤ R_a < 85$ | Intermediate | Offices, schools, department store, fine industrial work | | 3 | $40 ≤ R_a < 70$ | | Interiors where colour rendering is of comparatively minor importance | **Note :** Certain applications, e.g. colour matching, may be extremely critical with regard to the colour rendering properties of the lamps used. Here, the minimum colour rendering index used shall be 90. **Table 8.1.2** Lamp Colour Rendering Groups ### 1.3.2 Planning the Brightness Pattern The brightness pattern seen within an interior is composed of three parts - brightness of the task itself, brightness of the immediate background of the task and brightness of the general surroundings of walls, ceiling, floor, equipment, furnishing etc. #### 1.3.2.1 The illumination of all work areas within a building shall be a minimum of 150 lux. #### 1.3.2.2 Where work takes place over the whole utilizable area of a room, the general illumination over that area shall be reasonably uniform and the diversity ratio of minimum to maximum illumination shall not be less than 0.7. This diversity ratio does not however take into account the effects of any local lighting provided for specific tasks. #### 1.3.2.3 When the task brightness appropriate to an occupation has been determined, the brightness of the other parts of the room shall be planned to give proper emphasis to visual comfort and interest. The recommended brightness ratios are shown in Table 8.1.3. | **For high task brightness (above 100 cd/m²) :** Maximum ratio between task brightness and the adjacent sources like table tops | 3 to 1 | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Maximum ratio between task brightness and illumination of the remote areas of the room not being used as work areas | 10 to 1 | | **For low and medium task brightness (below 100 cd/m²)** | The task must be brighter than both the background and the surroundings; the lower the task brightness, the less critical is the relationship. | **Table 8.1.3** Brightness Ratios Between Task, Adjacent Sources and Surroundings | **Colour** | **Reflection Factor** | **Colour** | **Reflection Factor** | | ---------- | --------------------- | ----------- | --------------------- | | Flat white | 0.75 - 0.85 | Light green | 0.40 - 0.50 | | Ivory | 0.70 - 0.75 | Grey | 0.30 - 0.50 | | Buff | 0.60 - 0.70 | Blue | 0.25 - 0.35 | | Yellow | 0.55 - 0.65 | Red | 0.15 - 0.20 | | Light tan | 0.45 - 0.55 | Dark brown | 0.10 - 0.15 | **Table 8.1.4** Reflection Factors of Smooth Coloured Surfaces ### 1.3.3 Lighting Calculations #### 1.3.3.1 In order to determine the necessary number of lamps and luminaires for a specified illumination level or the average illuminance obtained from a particular lighting design, the Lumen Method of calculation shall be employed. #### 1.3.3.2 Unless the reflection factors are known to the lighting designer, the triplet 0.7/0.5/0.3 for the reflectances of ceiling, walls and working plane respectively shall be used for offices and the triplet 0.7/0.5/0.1 for other premises. Typical reflection factors of smooth coloured surfaces are given in Table 8.1.4. ### 1.3.4 Recommended Illumination Values The recommended values of illumination required for buildings of different Occupancies, based on activity, are given in Tables 8.1.5 through 8.1.11. The initial illuminance should be higher than the recommended value to allow for the fact that the illuminance will inevitably drop below this value by the end of the cleaning and relamping period. A gradual transition of brightness from one portion to another within the field of vision is recommended so as to avoid or minimize glare discomfort. ### 1.3.5 Artificial Lighting to Supplement Daylight Supplementary lighting shall be used when illumination by daylight falls below 150 lux on the working plane. For providing supplementary artificial lighting when daylight availability becomes insufficient, cool daylight fluorescent tubes with semi-direct luminaires are recommended. To ensure a good distribution of illumination, the mounting height should be between 1.5 and 2.0 m above the work plane for a separation of 2.0 to 3.0 m between the luminaires. ## 1.4 LIGHT FITTINGS An electric lamp and its fitting, globe reflector etc., shall be regarded as one unit; they shall be designed to suit each other and to give the desired distribution of light. Any focussing fittings used which enable the light distribution to be varied by adjustment of the lamp position shall also be designed for the type and size of lamp to be used. ### 1.4.1 Classification of Lamp Fittings Lamp fittings shall be classified into five categories according to the proportion of the total light output in the lower hemisphere. These are: direct fittings, giving 90-100 per cent light downwards; semi-direct fittings, giving 60-90 per cent light downwards; general diffusing fittings, giving 40-60 per cent light downwards; semi-indirect fittings, giving 10-40 per cent light downwards; indirect fittings, giving 0-10 per cent light downwards. #### 1.4.1.1 Direct fittings shall be used in situations where efficiency of illumination is the major criterion, while contract (sic, likely intended "contrast") of the light source with the surroundings, shadows, and direct/reflected glare may be considered to be of relatively minor importance. #### 1.4.1.2 Semidirect fittings shall be used in areas where it felt that the reduction of contrast resulting from the small indirect component of light directed towards the ceiling shall be sufficient for the purpose. #### 1.4.1.3 General diffusing fittings shall be used where, in addition to a substantial indirect component of light aiding, materially to the diffused character of the general illumination, an upward component providing a brighter background against which to view the luminaire, especially for interiors with light-coloured ceiling and walls, is desirable. #### 1.4.1.4 Semi-indirect fittings shall be used when a comfortable brightness ratio between the ceiling and the luminaire is desirable but an efficiency of illumination, higher than that obtainable from indirect fittings is required. #### 1.4.1.5 Indirect fittings shall be used in situations where an environment of evenly distributed illumination is to be achieved, efficiency of illumination not being a dominant factor. | **Area or Activity** | **Illuminance (lx)** | | -------------------------------- | -------------------- | | **Dwelling houses** | | | Bedrooms | | | General | 50 | | Bed-head, Dressing table | 150 | | Kitchens | 200 | | Dining rooms (tables) | 100 | | Bathrooms | | | General | 100 | | Shaving, make-up | 300 | | Stairs | 100 | | Lounges | 100 | | Garages and porches | 70 | | Sewing and darning | 600 | | Reading (casual ) | 150 | | Home work and sustained reading | 300 | | **Hotels** | | | Entrance halls | 150 | | Reception and accounts | 300 | | Dining rooms (tables) | 100 | | Lounges | 150 | | Bedrooms | | | General | 100 | | Dressing tables, bed heads, etc. | 150 | | Writing rooms (tables) | 300 | | Corridors | 70 | | Stairs | 100 | | Laundries | 200 | | Kitchens | | | Food stores | 100 | | Working areas | 250 | | Goods and passenger lifts | 70 | | Cloak-rooms and toilets | 100 | | Bathrooms | 100 | | Above mirror in bathrooms | 300 | **Table 8.1.5** Recommended Values of Illumination for Residential Buildings (for Occupancy classification see Chapter 2, Part 3) | **Area or Activity** | **Illuminance (lx)** | | ---------------------------- | -------------------- | | **School and College** | | | Assembly halls | | | General | 150 | | When used for examinations | 300 | | Platforms | 300 | | Class and Lecture Rooms | | | Desks | 300 | | Black boards | 250 | | Embroidery and sewing rooms | 500 | | Laboratories | 300 | | Art rooms | 400 | | Offices | 300 | | Staff rooms and common rooms | 150 | | Corridors | 70 | | Stairs | 100 | | Gymnasia | | | General | 150 | | Matches | 300 | | Library | see Table 8.1.8 | | Living quarters | see Table 8.1.5 | **Table 8.1.6** Recommended Values of Illumination for Educational Buildings (for Occupancy classification see Chapter 2, Part 3) | **Area or Activity** | **Illuminance (lx)** | | ------------------------------------------------ | -------------------- | | **Hospitals and Clinics** | | | Reception and waiting rooms | 150 | | Out patient department | 150 | | Wards | | | General | 100 | | Beds | 150 | | Operating theatres | | | General | 300 | | Tables (with adjustable operation lamp lighting) | | | Minor | 2000 | | Major | 5000 | | Doctor's examination rooms | 150 | | Radiology departments | 100 | | Casualty | 150 | | Stairs and corridors | 100 | | Dispensaries | 250 | **Table 8.1.7** Recommended Values of Illumination for Health Care Buildings (for Occupancy classification see Chapter 2, Part 3) | **Area or Activity** | **Illuminance (lx)** | | -------------------------------------------- | -------------------- | | **Cinemas** | | | Foyers | 150 | | Auditorium | 50 | | Corridors | 70 | | Stairs | 100 | | **Libraries** | | | Shelves (stacks) | 100 | | Reading rooms (newspapers and magazines) | 200 | | Reading tables | 300 | | Book repair and binding | 300 | | Cataloguing, sorting and stock rooms | 150 | | **Museums and Art Galleries** | | | Museums | | | General | 150 | | Displays | special lighting | | Art galleries | | | General | 100 | | Paintings | 200 | | **Restaurant** | | | Dining rooms | 100 | | Cash desks | 300 | | Self-carrying counters | 300 | | Kitchens | 200 | | Cloak-rooms and toilets | 100 | | **Theatres** | | | Foyers | 150 | | Auditorium | 70 | | Corridors | 70 | | Stairs | 100 | | **Sports Centre** | | | Halls | 150 | | Swimming pools | 150 | | Lawn or table tennis, badminton, volley ball | | | Tournament | 300 | | Club | 200 | | Recreational | 100 | | **Shooting ranges** | | | On target | 300 | | Firing point | 200 | | Range | 50 | | **Football** | 500 | **Table 8.1.8** Recommended Values of Illumination for Assembly Buildings (for Occupancy classification see Chapter 2, Part 3) | **Area or Activity** | **Illuminance (lx)** | | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------- | | **Airport Building** | | | Reception areas (desks) | 300 | | Baggage, customs and immigration halls | 300 | | Circulation areas, lounges | 150 | | **Banks** | | | Counter, typing and accounting book areas | 300 | | Public areas, lobby | 150 | | Offices | 200 | | **Book binding** | | | Pasting, punching and stitching | 200 | | Binding and folding and miscellaneous machines | 300 | | Finishing, blocking and inlaying | 300 | | **Dental Surgeries** | | | Waiting rooms | 150 | | Surgeries | | | General | 300 | | Chairs | special lighting | | Laboratories | 300 | | **Doctor's Surgeries** | | | Waiting rooms and consulting rooms | 150 | | Corridors | 70 | | Stairs | 100 | | Eyesight testing (acuity) wall charts and near vision types | 450 | | **Jewellery and watch-making** | | | Fine processes | 700 | | Minute processes | 3000 | | Gem cutting, polishing and setting | 1500 | | **Laundries and dry-cleaning works** | | | Receiving, sorting, washing, drying, ironing (calendering) and despatch | 200 | | Dry-cleaning and bulk machine work | 200 | | Fine hand ironing, pressing, inspection, mending and spotting | 300 | | **Offices** | | | Entrance lobby and reception areas | 150 | | Conference rooms and executive offices | 300 | | General offices | 300 | | Business machine operation | 450 | | Drawing office | | | General | 300 | | Boards and tracing | 450 | | Corridors and lift cars | 70 | | Stairs | 100 | | Lift landings | 150 | | Telephone exchanges | | | Manual exchange rooms (on desk) | 200 | | Main distribution frame room | 150 | | **Shops and Stores** | | | General areas | 150 to 300 | | Stock rooms | 200 | | Display windows | 500 | **Table 8.1.9** Recommended Values of Illumination for Business and Mercantile Buildings (for Occupancy classification see Chapter 2, Part 3) | **Area or Activity** | **Illuminance (lx)** | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------- | - | | **Aircraft Factories and Maintenance Hangars** | | | | Stock parts productions | 450 | | | Drilling, riveting, screw fastening, sheet aluminium layout and template work, wing sections, cowing, welding, sub-assembly, final assembly and inspection | 300 | | | Maintenance and repair (hangars) | 300 | | | **Assembly Shops** | | | | Rough work, for example frame assembly and assembly of heavy machinery | 150 | | | Medium work, for example machined parts, engine assembly | 300 | | | Fine work, for example radio and telephone equipment, typewriter and office machinery assembly | 700 | | | Very fine work, for example assembly of very small precision mechanisms and instruments | 1500 | | | **Automobile Manufacturing** | | | | Frame assembly | 200 | | | Chassis assembly line | 300 | | | Final assembly and inspection line | 600 | | | Body manufacturing | | | | Parts | 200 | | | Assembly | 300 | | | Finishing and inspi | 700 | | | **Automobile Service Garages** | | | | Repairs | 250 | | | Active traffic areas | 100 | | | Storage | 25 | | | **Bakeries** | | | | General working area | 150 | | | Decorating and icing | 250 | | | **Breweries and Distilleries** | | | | General working areas | 150 | | | Brewhouse, bottling and canning plants | 200 | | | Bottle inspection | special lighting | | | **Carpet Factories** | | | | Winding and beaming | 200 | | | Designing, stitched card cutting, setting pattern, tufting, topping, cutting, hemming and fringing | 300 | | | Weaving, mending and inspection | 450 | | | **Chemical Works** | | | | Hand furnaces, boiling tanks, stationary driers, stationary and gravity crystallizers | 150 | | | Mechanical furnaces, evaporators, filtration, mechanical crystallizers, bleaching Tanks for cooking, extractors, percolators | 200 | | | | 200 | | | **Chocolate and Confectionery Factories** | | | | Mixing, blending and boiling | 150 | | | Chocolate husking, winnowing, fat extraction, crushing and refining, feeding, bean cleaning, sorting, milling and cream making | 200 | | | Hand decorating, inspection, wrapping and packing | 300 | | | **Clay Products and Cements** | | | | Grinding, filter presses, kiln rooms moulding, pressing, cleaning and trimming | 150 | | | Enameling | 150 | | | Colour and glazing - rough work | 400 | | | Colour and glazing - fine work | 750 | | | **Clothing Factories** | | | | Matching-up | 450 | | | Cutting, sewing | | | | Light | 300 | | | Medium | 450 | | | Dark | 700 | | | Inspection | | | | Light | 450 | | | Medium | 1000 | | | Dark | 1500 | | | Hand tailoring | | | | Light | 450 | | | Medium | 1000 | | | Dark | 1500 | | | Pressing | 300 | | | **Dairies** | | | | General working areas | 200 | | | Filling and bottle inspection | 450 | | | Cooling equipment | 150 | | | Laboratories | 450 | | | Pasteurizers | 150 | | | Separators | 150 | | | **Electrical Industries** | | | | Impregnating | 250 | | | Winding and insulating | 500 | | | Assembly works | | | | Fine | 500 | | | Very fine | 750 | | | Testing | 500 | | | **Electricity Generating Stations (Indoor Locations)** | | | | Turbine halls | 150 | | | Auxiliary equipment, battery rooms, blowers, auxiliary generators, switchgear and transformer chambers | 100 | | | Boiler house (including operating floors) platforms, coal conveyors, pulverizers, feeders, precipitators, soot and slag | 70 to 100 | | | Boiler house and turbine house | 100 | | | Basements | 70 | | | Conveyor house, conveyor gantries and junction towers | 70 to 100 | | | Emergency lighting - all areas | 30 | | | Control rooms | | | | Vertical control panels | 200 to 300 | | | Control desks | 300 | | | Rear of control panels | 150 | | | Switch houses | 150 | | | **Electricity Generating Stations (Outdoor Locations)** | | | | Switchyard | 50 | | | Conveyors | 50 | | | Structures and gantry headers | 50 | | | Oil storage tanks | 50 | | | Cat-walks | 50 | | | Platforms, boiler and turbine decks | 50 | | | Transformer and outdoor switchgear | 100 | | | Emergency lighting - all areas | 30 | | | **Flour Mills** | | | | Rolling | 150 | | | Sifting | 150 | | | Packing | 150 | | | Purifying | 150 | | | Product control | 300 | | | Cleaning screens, man lifts, aisleways and walkways, bin checking | 100 | | | **Forge Shops and Foundries** | | | | Forge shop | 150 | | | Annealing (furnaces) | 150 | | | Cleaning | 100 | | | Core making (fine) | 300 | | | Core making (medium) | 150 | | | Grinding and chipping | 200 | | | Inspection (fine) | 1000 | | | Inspection (medium) | 300 | | | Moulding (medium) | 300 | | | Moulding (large) | 150 | | | Pouring | 150 | | | Sorting | 200 | | | Cupola | 100 | | | Shake out | 150 | | | **Garages** | | | | Parking areas (interior) | 70 | | | Washing and polishing, greasing, general servicing and pits | 150 | | | **Gas Works** | | | | Retort houses, oil gas plants, purifiers, coke screening and coke handling plants (indoor) | 30 to 50 | | | Governor, meter, compressor, booster and exhauster houses | 100 | | | Open type plants | | | | Cat-walks | 20 | | | Platforms | 50 | | | **Glass Works** | | | | Furnace rooms, bending, annealing lehrs | 100 | | | Mixing rooms, forming (blowing, drawing, pressing and rolling) | 150 | | | Cutting to size, grinding, polishing and toughening | 200 | | | Finishing (bevelling, decorating, etching and silvering) | 300 | | | Brilliant cutting | | | | General | 200 | | | Fine | 500 | | | Inspection, etching and decorating | 500 | | | **Glove Making** | | | | Pressing, knitting, sorting and cutting | 300 | | | Sewing | | | | Light | 300 | | | Medium | 450 | | | Dark | 700 | | | Inspection | | | | Light | 450 | | | Medium | 1000 | | | Dark | 1500 | | | **Hosiery and Knitwear** | | | | Circular and flat knitting machines, universal winders, cutting out, folding and pressing | 300 | | | Lock-stitch and overlocking machines | | | | Light | 300 | | | Medium | 450 | | | Dark | 700 | | | Mending | 1500 | | | Examining and hand finishing, light, medium and dark | 700 | | | Linking of running on | 450 | | | **Iron and Steel Works** | | | | Manufacturing by open hearth | | | | Stock yard | 20 | | | Charging floor | 100 | | | Slag pits | 100 | | | Control platforms | 100 | | | Mould yard | 25 | | | Hot top | 100 | | | Hot top storage | 100 | | | Stripping yard | 100 | | | Scrap stock yard | 20 | | | Mixer building | 100 | | | Mixer aid building | 50 | | | Rolling mills | | | | Blooming, slabbing, hot strip, hot sheet | 100 | | | Cold strip, plate | 150 | | | Pipe, rod, tube, wire drawing | 200 | | | Merchant and sheared plate | 100 | | | Tin plate mills | | | | Tinning and galvanizing | 200 | | | Cold strip rolling | 200 | | | Motor room, machine room | 150 | | | Sheet metal works | | | | Miscellaneous machines, ordinary bench work | 200 | | | Pressing, folding, stamping, shearing, punching and medium bench work | 200 | | | Tin plate and galvanized sheet inspection | 500 | | | **Structural Steel Fabrication** | | | | Fabrication and general work | 150 | | | Marking and cutting | 300 | | | Plating shops | | | | Vat, baths, buffing and polishing | 200 | | | Final buffing and polishing | 500 | | | **Leather Manufacturing** | | | | Cleaning, tanning and stretching, vats | 150 | | | Cutting, fleshing and stuffing | 200 | | | Finishing and scarfing | 200 | | | **Machine shops** | | | | Rough bench and machine work | 150 | | | Medium bench and machine work, ordinary automatic machines, rough grinding | 300 | | | medium buffing and polishing | | | | Fine bench and machine work, fine automatic machines, medium grinding, fine buffing and polishing | 700 | | | Extra fine bench and machine work, grinding fine work | 1000 | | | **Paint Works** | | | | General, automatic processes | 200 | | | Special batch mixing | 450 | | | Colour matching | 700 | | | **Paper Manufacturing** | | | | Beaters, grinding, calendering | 150 | | | Finishing, cutting, trimming, paper making machines | 200 | | | Hand counting, wet end of paper machine | 350 | | | Paper machine reel, paper inspection and laboratories | 500 | | | Rewinder | 500 | | | Paper box manufacturing | 200 | | | **Pharmaceuticals and Fine Chemical Works** | | | | Raw material storage | 200 | | | Grinding, granulating, mixing and drying, tableting, sterilizing, preparation of solutions, filling, labelling, capping, wrapping and cartoning | 300 | | | Control laboratories and testing | 300 | | | Fine chemical processing | 200 | | | Fine chemical finishing | 300 | | | **Printing Industries** | | | | Photo-engraving | | | | Block-making, etching and staging | 200 | | | Finishing, routing and proofing | 300 | | | Masking and tint laying | 300 | | | Colour Printing | | | | Inspection area | 700 | | | Type foundries | | | | Matrix making, dressing type | 250 | | | Front assembly and sorting | 200 | | | Hand casting | 300 | | | Machine casting | 200 | | | Printing plants | | | | Machine composition and imposing stones | 200 | | | Presses | 300 | | | Collating room | 450 | | | Proof reading | 300 | | | Colour inspection and appraisal | 1000 | | | Electrotyping | | | | Block-making, electroplating, washing and baking | 200 | | | Moulding, finishing and routing | 300 | | | **Rubber Tyre and Tube Manufacturing** | | | | Stock preparation | | | | Plasticating, milling | 100 | | | Calendering | 150 | | | Fabric Preparation | | | | Stock cutting, bead building | 250 | | | Tube tubing machines | 250 | | | Tread tubing machines | 250 | | | Tyre building | | | | Solid tyre | 150 | | | Pneumatic tyre | 250 | | | Curing department | | | | Tubing curing, casing curing | 350 | | | Final Inspection | | | | Tube, casing | 1000 | | | Wrapping | 200 | | | **Shoe Manufacturing (Leather)** | | | | Cutting and stitching | | | | Cutting tables | 450 | | | Marking, buttonholing skiving, sorting and counting | 450 | | | Stitching | | | | Light materials | 300 | | | Dark materials | 1000 | | | Making and finishing | | | | Nailers, sole layers, welt beaters and scarfers, trimmers, welters, lasters, edge setters, sluggers, randers, wheelers, treers, cleaning, spraying, buffing, polishing, embossing | 600 | | | **Shoe Manufacturing (Rubber)** | | | | Washing, coating, mill run compounding | 100 | | | Varnishing, vulcanizing, calendering, upper and sole cutting | 300 | | | Sole rolling, lining, making and finishing process | 500 | | | **Soap Factories** | | | | Kettle houses and ancillaries, glycerine evaporation and distillation and continuous indoor soap making | | | | General areas | 150 | | | Control panels | 200 to 300 | | | Batch or continuous soap cooling, cutting and drying, soap milling and plodding | | | | General areas | 150 | | | Control panels and key equipment | 200 to 300 | | | Soap stamping, wrapping and packing, granules making, granules storage and handling, filling and packing granules | | | | General areas | 150 | | | Control panels and machines | 200 to 300 | | | Edible products processing and packing | 200 | | | **Textile Mills (Cotton)** | | | | Bale breaking and picking | 150 | | | Carding and drawing | 200 | | | Slubbing, roving, spinning, spooling | 200 | | | Beaming and slashing on comb | | | | Grey goods | 200 | | | Denims | 300 | | | Weaving | | | | Patterned cloth and fine counts, light | 300 | | | Patterned cloth and fine counts, dark | 500 | | | Plain grey cloth | 200 | | | Cloth inspection | 700 | | | **Textile Mills (Silk and Synthetics)** | | | | Manufacturing | | | | Soaking, fugitive tinting, conditioning, setting or twist | 200 | | | Winding, twisting, rewinding and coining, quilting and slashing | | | | Light thread | 200 | | | Dark thread | 300 | | | Warping (silk or cotton system) on creel, on running ends, on reel, on beam, on warp at beaming | 300 | | | Heading (drawing-in) | 700 | | | Weaving | 300 - 500 | | | Inspection | 1000 | | | **Textile Mills (Woollen and Worsted)** | | | | Scouring, carbonizing, testing, preparing, raising, brushing, pressing, back-washing, gilling, crabbing and blowing | 150 | | | Blending, carding, combing(white), tentering, drying and cropping | 200 | | | Spinning, roving, winding, warping, combing (coloured) and twisting | 450 | | | Heading (drawing-in) | 700 | | | Weaving | | | | Fine worsteds | 700 | | | Medium worsteds and fine woollens | 450 | | | Heavy woollens | 300 | | | Burling and mending | 700 | | | Perching | | | | Grey | 700 | | | Final | 2000 | | | **Wood Working** | | | | Rough sawing and bench work | 150 | | | Sizing, planing, rough sanding, medium machine and bench work glueing, veneering | 200 | | | Fine bench and machine work, fine sanding and finishing | 300 | | **Table 8.1.10** Recommended Values of Illumination for Industrial Buildings and Processes (for Occupancy classification see Chapter 2, Part 3) | **Area or Activity** | **Illuminance (lx)** | | ------------------------------- | -------------------- | | **Storage Rooms of Ware House** | | | Inactive | 25 | | Rough bulky | 50 | | Medium | 100 | | Fine | 250 | **Table 8.1.11** Recommended Values of Illumination for Storage Buildings (for Occupancy classification see Chapter 2, Part 3) ## 1.5 ILLUMINATION OF EXIT SIGNS AND MEANS OF ESCAPE ### 1.5.1 Exit Signs #### 1.5.1.1 All required exit signs shall be illuminated at night, or during dark periods within the area served. #### 1.5.1.2 Exit signs may be illuminated either by lamps external to the sign or by lamps contained within the sign. The source of illumination shall provide not less than 50 lux at the illuminated surface with a contrast of not less than 0.5. Approved self-luminous signs which provide evenly illuminated letters having a minimum luminance of 0.2 cd/m² may also be used. #### 1.5.1.3 Exit signs within an area where the normal lighting may be deliberately dimmed or extinguished, such as places of entertainment, shall be illuminated either by lamps contained within the sign or by approved self-luminous signs. ### 1.5.2 Means of Escape Lighting #### 1.5.2.1 The means of escape and exit access in buildings requiring more than one exit shall be equipped with artificial lighting. The lighting facilities so installed shall provide the required level of illumination continuously during the period when the use of the building requires the exits to be available. #### 1.5.2.2 The intensity of illumination at floor level in the means of escape shall not be less than 10 lux, except that the minimum required floor level illumination of aisles in assembly halls, theatres and cinema during projection of motion or still pictures by directed light shall be 2 lux. #### 1.5.2.3 The illumination of exit signs and the lighting of the means of escape and exit access shall be powered by an alternate or emergency electrical system to ensure continued illumination for a duration of not less than 30 minutes after the failure of primary power supply.