Chapter 1: Lighting - Codes & Regulations

1.1 SCOPE

The basic requirements for building lighting are that adequate light of the right quality is provided and that proper attention is given to the appearance and artistic features of the lighting fixtures and the effects they produce. This chapter, read together with Chapter 2 Electrical Installation covers the illumination level requirements in buildings and methods of achieving these requirements.

1.2 TERMINOLOGY

This section provides an alphabetical list of the terms used in and applicable to this chapter of the Code. In case of any conflict or contradiction between a definition given in this section and that in Part 1, the meaning provided in this section shall govern for interpretation of the provisions of this chapter. BRIGHTNESS : The luminous intensity of any surface in a given direction per unit of projected area of the surface, as viewed from that direction. COLOUR : Aspect of visual perception by which an observer may distinguish between two fields of view of the same size, shape and structure, as may be caused by differences in the spectral composition of the radiation concerned. COLOUR APPEARANCE : One of the two factors characterizing the colour qualities of a lamp. Lamps are usually divided into three groups according to their colour appearance : warm, intermediate and cool. COLOUR RENDERING : The colour rendering property of a lamp is described by its colour rendering index,

R_a

; the higher the index the better the colour rendering property. The colour rendering index of a lamp is a measure of the degree to which the psychophysical colours of objects illuminated by the lamp conform to those of the same objects illuminated by a reference lamp, under specified conditions. CONTRAST : The contrast of a small object of uniform luminance seen against a background of uniform luminance is the difference between object luminance and background luminance expressed as a ratio of the background luminance. GLARE : The sensation produced by luminance within the visual field that is sufficiently greater than the luminance to which the eyes are adapted to cause annoyance, discomfort, or loss in visual performance and visibility. The magnitude of the sensation of glare depends upon such factors as the size, position and luminance of a source, the number of sources and the luminance to which the eyes are adapted. GLARE, DIRECT : Glare caused by a bright light source appearing in the normal field of view of an observer. GLARE, DISABILITY : Glare that impairs the vision, measured in terms of deterioration of visual performance (contrast sensitivity). GLARE, DISCOMFORT : Glare that induces a feeling of discomfort; the degree of discomfort can only be measured subjectively. GLARE, REFLECTED : Glare caused by the reflection of bright light source on a glossy surface. ILLUMINANCE : The quantity of light or luminous flux falling on unit area of a surface. ILLUMINATION : The application of visible radiation to an object. INCANDESCENCE : Emission of visible radiation by thermal excitation. LAMP, FLUORESCENT : Discharge lamp in which most of the light is emitted by a layer of fluorescent material excited by the ultraviolet radiation from the discharge. LAMP, INCANDESCENT : Lamp in which light is produced by means of an element heated to incandescence by the passage of an electric current. LIGHTING, GENERAL : Lighting designed to illuminate an area in general, without particular provision for any special local requirements within that area. LIGHTING, LOCALIZED : Lighting designed to increase the illuminance at certain specified positions; for instance those at which work is carried on. LUMEN : The luminous flux emitted within unit solid angle (one steradian) by a point source having a uniform intensity of one Candela. LUMINAIRE : A complete lighting apparatus consisting of a lamp or lamps together with the parts designed to distribute, filter or transform the light, to fix and protect the lamps and to connect them to the supply circuit. LUMINANCE (AT A POINT) : The ratio of the luminous intensity in a given direction of an infinitesimal element of the surface containing the point under consideration, to the orthogonal projection of the element on a plane perpendicular to the given direction. It is proportional to the product of the illuminance and the surface reflectance, the latter being the ratio of the reflected luminous flux to the incident luminous flux. LUMINOUS FLUX : The quantity characteristic of radiant flux which expresses its capacity to produce visual sensation evaluated according to the values of relative luminous efficiency for the light-adapted eye. MAINTENANCE FACTOR : The ratio of the average illuminance on the working plane, after a certain period of use of a lighting installation, to the average illuminance obtained under the same conditions for the same lighting installation when new. REFLECTION FACTOR : The ratio of light reflected from a surface to the total light falling on the surface. The reflection factor varies with the roughness of the surface as well as the darkness of the colour. UTILIZATION FACTOR : The ratio of the flux received on the working plane to the sum of the fluxes from all the lamps in the interior. WORKING PLANE : A horizontal plane at a level at which work will normally be done. Where a visual task is required to be carried out throughout an interior, general illumination of the value recommended for the working plane is necessary; where the precise height and location of the task are not known or cannot be easily specified, the recommended value is that on a horizontal plane 850 mm above the floor level. For an industrial task, working plane for the purpose of general illumination levels may be taken at 760 mm above the floor level. For certain purposes, such as viewing the objects of art, the illumination levels recommended are for the vertical plane at which the art pieces are placed.

1.3 ILLUMINATION

1.3.1 Principle of Lighting

The essential features of an efficient lighting system are :

visual comfort through adequate illumination of the working surface, prevention of glare, and avoidance of shadows,
ease of maintenance.

The design of a lighting system shall involve: a) careful planning of the brightness and colour pattern within both the working areas and the surroundings so that attention is drawn naturally to the important areas, detail is seen quickly and accurately, and the room is free from any sense of gloom or monotony, b) use of directional lighting to assist perception of task detail, c) controlling direct and reflected glare from light sources to eliminate visual discomfort, d) minimizing flicker from certain types of lamps and paying attention to the colour rendering properties of the light, e) the correlation of lighting throughout the building to prevent excessive differences between adjacent areas, so as to reduce the risk of accidents, and f) the installation of emergency lighting systems, where necessary. Table 8.1.1 shows the general impressions associated with different illuminance and colour appearances of light. Table 8.1.2 gives the various colour rendering groups with examples of use.

Illuminance (lux)	Warm	Intermediate	Cool
< 500 500 - 1000 1000 - 2000 2000 - 3000 ≥ 3000	pleasant pleasant to stimulating stimulating stimulating to unnatural unnatural	neutral neutral to pleasant pleasant pleasant to stimulating stimulating	cool cool to neutral neutral neutral to pleasant pleasant
		Associated Impression (Colour Appearance)

Table 8.1.1 General Impressions Associated with Different Illuminance and Colour Appearances

Colour rendering Group	Range of Index $R_a$	Colour Appearance	Examples of Use
1	$R_a ≥ 85$	Cool Intermediate Warm	Textile industries, paint and printing industries Shops, hospitals Homes, hotels, restaurants
2	$70 \leq R_a < 85$	Intermediate	Offices, schools, department store, fine industrial work
3	$40 \leq R_a < 70$		Interiors where colour rendering is of comparatively minor importance

Note : Certain applications, e.g. colour matching, may be extremely critical with regard to the colour rendering properties of the lamps used. Here, the minimum colour rendering index used shall be 90. Table 8.1.2 Lamp Colour Rendering Groups

1.3.2 Planning the Brightness Pattern

The brightness pattern seen within an interior is composed of three parts - brightness of the task itself, brightness of the immediate background of the task and brightness of the general surroundings of walls, ceiling, floor, equipment, furnishing etc.

1.3.2.1

The illumination of all work areas within a building shall be a minimum of 150 lux.

1.3.2.2

Where work takes place over the whole utilizable area of a room, the general illumination over that area shall be reasonably uniform and the diversity ratio of minimum to maximum illumination shall not be less than 0.7. This diversity ratio does not however take into account the effects of any local lighting provided for specific tasks.

1.3.2.3

When the task brightness appropriate to an occupation has been determined, the brightness of the other parts of the room shall be planned to give proper emphasis to visual comfort and interest. The recommended brightness ratios are shown in Table 8.1.3.

For high task brightness (above 100 cd/m²) : Maximum ratio between task brightness and the adjacent sources like table tops	3 to 1
Maximum ratio between task brightness and illumination of the remote areas of the room not being used as work areas	10 to 1
For low and medium task brightness (below 100 cd/m²)	The task must be brighter than both the background and the surroundings; the lower the task brightness, the less critical is the relationship.

Table 8.1.3 Brightness Ratios Between Task, Adjacent Sources and Surroundings

Colour	Reflection Factor	Colour	Reflection Factor
Flat white	0.75 - 0.85	Light green	0.40 - 0.50
Ivory	0.70 - 0.75	Grey	0.30 - 0.50
Buff	0.60 - 0.70	Blue	0.25 - 0.35
Yellow	0.55 - 0.65	Red	0.15 - 0.20
Light tan	0.45 - 0.55	Dark brown	0.10 - 0.15

Table 8.1.4 Reflection Factors of Smooth Coloured Surfaces

1.3.3 Lighting Calculations

1.3.3.1

In order to determine the necessary number of lamps and luminaires for a specified illumination level or the average illuminance obtained from a particular lighting design, the Lumen Method of calculation shall be employed.

1.3.3.2

Unless the reflection factors are known to the lighting designer, the triplet 0.7/0.5/0.3 for the reflectances of ceiling, walls and working plane respectively shall be used for offices and the triplet 0.7/0.5/0.1 for other premises. Typical reflection factors of smooth coloured surfaces are given in Table 8.1.4.

1.3.4 Recommended Illumination Values

The recommended values of illumination required for buildings of different Occupancies, based on activity, are given in Tables 8.1.5 through 8.1.11. The initial illuminance should be higher than the recommended value to allow for the fact that the illuminance will inevitably drop below this value by the end of the cleaning and relamping period. A gradual transition of brightness from one portion to another within the field of vision is recommended so as to avoid or minimize glare discomfort.

1.3.5 Artificial Lighting to Supplement Daylight

Supplementary lighting shall be used when illumination by daylight falls below 150 lux on the working plane. For providing supplementary artificial lighting when daylight availability becomes insufficient, cool daylight fluorescent tubes with semi-direct luminaires are recommended. To ensure a good distribution of illumination, the mounting height should be between 1.5 and 2.0 m above the work plane for a separation of 2.0 to 3.0 m between the luminaires.

1.4 LIGHT FITTINGS

An electric lamp and its fitting, globe reflector etc., shall be regarded as one unit; they shall be designed to suit each other and to give the desired distribution of light. Any focussing fittings used which enable the light distribution to be varied by adjustment of the lamp position shall also be designed for the type and size of lamp to be used.

1.4.1 Classification of Lamp Fittings

Lamp fittings shall be classified into five categories according to the proportion of the total light output in the lower hemisphere. These are: direct fittings, giving 90-100 per cent light downwards; semi-direct fittings, giving 60-90 per cent light downwards; general diffusing fittings, giving 40-60 per cent light downwards; semi-indirect fittings, giving 10-40 per cent light downwards; indirect fittings, giving 0-10 per cent light downwards.

1.4.1.1

Direct fittings shall be used in situations where efficiency of illumination is the major criterion, while contract (sic, likely intended “contrast”) of the light source with the surroundings, shadows, and direct/reflected glare may be considered to be of relatively minor importance.

1.4.1.2

Semidirect fittings shall be used in areas where it felt that the reduction of contrast resulting from the small indirect component of light directed towards the ceiling shall be sufficient for the purpose.

1.4.1.3

General diffusing fittings shall be used where, in addition to a substantial indirect component of light aiding, materially to the diffused character of the general illumination, an upward component providing a brighter background against which to view the luminaire, especially for interiors with light-coloured ceiling and walls, is desirable.

1.4.1.4

Semi-indirect fittings shall be used when a comfortable brightness ratio between the ceiling and the luminaire is desirable but an efficiency of illumination, higher than that obtainable from indirect fittings is required.

1.4.1.5

Indirect fittings shall be used in situations where an environment of evenly distributed illumination is to be achieved, efficiency of illumination not being a dominant factor.

Area or Activity	Illuminance (lx)
Dwelling houses
Bedrooms
General	50
Bed-head, Dressing table	150
Kitchens	200
Dining rooms (tables)	100
Bathrooms
General	100
Shaving, make-up	300
Stairs	100
Lounges	100
Garages and porches	70
Sewing and darning	600
Reading (casual )	150
Home work and sustained reading	300
Hotels
Entrance halls	150
Reception and accounts	300
Dining rooms (tables)	100
Lounges	150
Bedrooms
General	100
Dressing tables, bed heads, etc.	150
Writing rooms (tables)	300
Corridors	70
Stairs	100
Laundries	200
Kitchens
Food stores	100
Working areas	250
Goods and passenger lifts	70
Cloak-rooms and toilets	100
Bathrooms	100
Above mirror in bathrooms	300

Table 8.1.5 Recommended Values of Illumination for Residential Buildings (for Occupancy classification see Chapter 2, Part 3)

Area or Activity	Illuminance (lx)
School and College
Assembly halls
General	150
When used for examinations	300
Platforms	300
Class and Lecture Rooms
Desks	300
Black boards	250
Embroidery and sewing rooms	500
Laboratories	300
Art rooms	400
Offices	300
Staff rooms and common rooms	150
Corridors	70
Stairs	100
Gymnasia
General	150
Matches	300
Library	see Table 8.1.8
Living quarters	see Table 8.1.5

Table 8.1.6 Recommended Values of Illumination for Educational Buildings (for Occupancy classification see Chapter 2, Part 3)

Area or Activity	Illuminance (lx)
Hospitals and Clinics
Reception and waiting rooms	150
Out patient department	150
Wards
General	100
Beds	150
Operating theatres
General	300
Tables (with adjustable operation lamp lighting)
Minor	2000
Major	5000
Doctor’s examination rooms	150
Radiology departments	100
Casualty	150
Stairs and corridors	100
Dispensaries	250

Table 8.1.7 Recommended Values of Illumination for Health Care Buildings (for Occupancy classification see Chapter 2, Part 3)

Area or Activity	Illuminance (lx)
Cinemas
Foyers	150
Auditorium	50
Corridors	70
Stairs	100
Libraries
Shelves (stacks)	100
Reading rooms (newspapers and magazines)	200
Reading tables	300
Book repair and binding	300
Cataloguing, sorting and stock rooms	150
Museums and Art Galleries
Museums
General	150
Displays	special lighting
Art galleries
General	100
Paintings	200
Restaurant
Dining rooms	100
Cash desks	300
Self-carrying counters	300
Kitchens	200
Cloak-rooms and toilets	100
Theatres
Foyers	150
Auditorium	70
Corridors	70
Stairs	100
Sports Centre
Halls	150
Swimming pools	150
Lawn or table tennis, badminton, volley ball
Tournament	300
Club	200
Recreational	100
Shooting ranges
On target	300
Firing point	200
Range	50
Football	500

Table 8.1.8 Recommended Values of Illumination for Assembly Buildings (for Occupancy classification see Chapter 2, Part 3)

Area or Activity	Illuminance (lx)
Airport Building
Reception areas (desks)	300
Baggage, customs and immigration halls	300
Circulation areas, lounges	150
Banks
Counter, typing and accounting book areas	300
Public areas, lobby	150
Offices	200
Book binding
Pasting, punching and stitching	200
Binding and folding and miscellaneous machines	300
Finishing, blocking and inlaying	300
Dental Surgeries
Waiting rooms	150
Surgeries
General	300
Chairs	special lighting
Laboratories	300
Doctor’s Surgeries
Waiting rooms and consulting rooms	150
Corridors	70
Stairs	100
Eyesight testing (acuity) wall charts and near vision types	450
Jewellery and watch-making
Fine processes	700
Minute processes	3000
Gem cutting, polishing and setting	1500
Laundries and dry-cleaning works
Receiving, sorting, washing, drying, ironing (calendering) and despatch	200
Dry-cleaning and bulk machine work	200
Fine hand ironing, pressing, inspection, mending and spotting	300
Offices
Entrance lobby and reception areas	150
Conference rooms and executive offices	300
General offices	300
Business machine operation	450
Drawing office
General	300
Boards and tracing	450
Corridors and lift cars	70
Stairs	100
Lift landings	150
Telephone exchanges
Manual exchange rooms (on desk)	200
Main distribution frame room	150
Shops and Stores
General areas	150 to 300
Stock rooms	200
Display windows	500

Table 8.1.9 Recommended Values of Illumination for Business and Mercantile Buildings (for Occupancy classification see Chapter 2, Part 3)

Area or Activity	Illuminance (lx)
Aircraft Factories and Maintenance Hangars
Stock parts productions	450
Drilling, riveting, screw fastening, sheet aluminium layout and template work, wing sections, cowing, welding, sub-assembly, final assembly and inspection	300
Maintenance and repair (hangars)	300
Assembly Shops
Rough work, for example frame assembly and assembly of heavy machinery	150
Medium work, for example machined parts, engine assembly	300
Fine work, for example radio and telephone equipment, typewriter and office machinery assembly	700
Very fine work, for example assembly of very small precision mechanisms and instruments	1500
Automobile Manufacturing
Frame assembly	200
Chassis assembly line	300
Final assembly and inspection line	600
Body manufacturing
Parts	200
Assembly	300
Finishing and inspi	700
Automobile Service Garages
Repairs	250
Active traffic areas	100
Storage	25
Bakeries
General working area	150
Decorating and icing	250
Breweries and Distilleries
General working areas	150
Brewhouse, bottling and canning plants	200
Bottle inspection	special lighting
Carpet Factories
Winding and beaming	200
Designing, stitched card cutting, setting pattern, tufting, topping, cutting, hemming and fringing	300
Weaving, mending and inspection	450
Chemical Works
Hand furnaces, boiling tanks, stationary driers, stationary and gravity crystallizers	150
Mechanical furnaces, evaporators, filtration, mechanical crystallizers, bleaching Tanks for cooking, extractors, percolators	200
	200
Chocolate and Confectionery Factories
Mixing, blending and boiling	150
Chocolate husking, winnowing, fat extraction, crushing and refining, feeding, bean cleaning, sorting, milling and cream making	200
Hand decorating, inspection, wrapping and packing	300
Clay Products and Cements
Grinding, filter presses, kiln rooms moulding, pressing, cleaning and trimming	150
Enameling	150
Colour and glazing - rough work	400
Colour and glazing - fine work	750
Clothing Factories
Matching-up	450
Cutting, sewing
Light	300
Medium	450
Dark	700
Inspection
Light	450
Medium	1000
Dark	1500
Hand tailoring
Light	450
Medium	1000
Dark	1500
Pressing	300
Dairies
General working areas	200
Filling and bottle inspection	450
Cooling equipment	150
Laboratories	450
Pasteurizers	150
Separators	150
Electrical Industries
Impregnating	250
Winding and insulating	500
Assembly works
Fine	500
Very fine	750
Testing	500
Electricity Generating Stations (Indoor Locations)
Turbine halls	150
Auxiliary equipment, battery rooms, blowers, auxiliary generators, switchgear and transformer chambers	100
Boiler house (including operating floors) platforms, coal conveyors, pulverizers, feeders, precipitators, soot and slag	70 to 100
Boiler house and turbine house	100
Basements	70
Conveyor house, conveyor gantries and junction towers	70 to 100
Emergency lighting - all areas	30
Control rooms
Vertical control panels	200 to 300
Control desks	300
Rear of control panels	150
Switch houses	150
Electricity Generating Stations (Outdoor Locations)
Switchyard	50
Conveyors	50
Structures and gantry headers	50
Oil storage tanks	50
Cat-walks	50
Platforms, boiler and turbine decks	50
Transformer and outdoor switchgear	100
Emergency lighting - all areas	30
Flour Mills
Rolling	150
Sifting	150
Packing	150
Purifying	150
Product control	300
Cleaning screens, man lifts, aisleways and walkways, bin checking	100
Forge Shops and Foundries
Forge shop	150
Annealing (furnaces)	150
Cleaning	100
Core making (fine)	300
Core making (medium)	150
Grinding and chipping	200
Inspection (fine)	1000
Inspection (medium)	300
Moulding (medium)	300
Moulding (large)	150
Pouring	150
Sorting	200
Cupola	100
Shake out	150
Garages
Parking areas (interior)	70
Washing and polishing, greasing, general servicing and pits	150
Gas Works
Retort houses, oil gas plants, purifiers, coke screening and coke handling plants (indoor)	30 to 50
Governor, meter, compressor, booster and exhauster houses	100
Open type plants
Cat-walks	20
Platforms	50
Glass Works
Furnace rooms, bending, annealing lehrs	100
Mixing rooms, forming (blowing, drawing, pressing and rolling)	150
Cutting to size, grinding, polishing and toughening	200
Finishing (bevelling, decorating, etching and silvering)	300
Brilliant cutting
General	200
Fine	500
Inspection, etching and decorating	500
Glove Making
Pressing, knitting, sorting and cutting	300
Sewing
Light	300
Medium	450
Dark	700
Inspection
Light	450
Medium	1000
Dark	1500
Hosiery and Knitwear
Circular and flat knitting machines, universal winders, cutting out, folding and pressing	300
Lock-stitch and overlocking machines
Light	300
Medium	450
Dark	700
Mending	1500
Examining and hand finishing, light, medium and dark	700
Linking of running on	450
Iron and Steel Works
Manufacturing by open hearth
Stock yard	20
Charging floor	100
Slag pits	100
Control platforms	100
Mould yard	25
Hot top	100
Hot top storage	100
Stripping yard	100
Scrap stock yard	20
Mixer building	100
Mixer aid building	50
Rolling mills
Blooming, slabbing, hot strip, hot sheet	100
Cold strip, plate	150
Pipe, rod, tube, wire drawing	200
Merchant and sheared plate	100
Tin plate mills
Tinning and galvanizing	200
Cold strip rolling	200
Motor room, machine room	150
Sheet metal works
Miscellaneous machines, ordinary bench work	200
Pressing, folding, stamping, shearing, punching and medium bench work	200
Tin plate and galvanized sheet inspection	500
Structural Steel Fabrication
Fabrication and general work	150
Marking and cutting	300
Plating shops
Vat, baths, buffing and polishing	200
Final buffing and polishing	500
Leather Manufacturing
Cleaning, tanning and stretching, vats	150
Cutting, fleshing and stuffing	200
Finishing and scarfing	200
Machine shops
Rough bench and machine work	150
Medium bench and machine work, ordinary automatic machines, rough grinding	300
medium buffing and polishing
Fine bench and machine work, fine automatic machines, medium grinding, fine buffing and polishing	700
Extra fine bench and machine work, grinding fine work	1000
Paint Works
General, automatic processes	200
Special batch mixing	450
Colour matching	700
Paper Manufacturing
Beaters, grinding, calendering	150
Finishing, cutting, trimming, paper making machines	200
Hand counting, wet end of paper machine	350
Paper machine reel, paper inspection and laboratories	500
Rewinder	500
Paper box manufacturing	200
Pharmaceuticals and Fine Chemical Works
Raw material storage	200
Grinding, granulating, mixing and drying, tableting, sterilizing, preparation of solutions, filling, labelling, capping, wrapping and cartoning	300
Control laboratories and testing	300
Fine chemical processing	200
Fine chemical finishing	300
Printing Industries
Photo-engraving
Block-making, etching and staging	200
Finishing, routing and proofing	300
Masking and tint laying	300
Colour Printing
Inspection area	700
Type foundries
Matrix making, dressing type	250
Front assembly and sorting	200
Hand casting	300
Machine casting	200
Printing plants
Machine composition and imposing stones	200
Presses	300
Collating room	450
Proof reading	300
Colour inspection and appraisal	1000
Electrotyping
Block-making, electroplating, washing and baking	200
Moulding, finishing and routing	300
Rubber Tyre and Tube Manufacturing
Stock preparation
Plasticating, milling	100
Calendering	150
Fabric Preparation
Stock cutting, bead building	250
Tube tubing machines	250
Tread tubing machines	250
Tyre building
Solid tyre	150
Pneumatic tyre	250
Curing department
Tubing curing, casing curing	350
Final Inspection
Tube, casing	1000
Wrapping	200
Shoe Manufacturing (Leather)
Cutting and stitching
Cutting tables	450
Marking, buttonholing skiving, sorting and counting	450
Stitching
Light materials	300
Dark materials	1000
Making and finishing
Nailers, sole layers, welt beaters and scarfers, trimmers, welters, lasters, edge setters, sluggers, randers, wheelers, treers, cleaning, spraying, buffing, polishing, embossing	600
Shoe Manufacturing (Rubber)
Washing, coating, mill run compounding	100
Varnishing, vulcanizing, calendering, upper and sole cutting	300
Sole rolling, lining, making and finishing process	500
Soap Factories
Kettle houses and ancillaries, glycerine evaporation and distillation and continuous indoor soap making
General areas	150
Control panels	200 to 300
Batch or continuous soap cooling, cutting and drying, soap milling and plodding
General areas	150
Control panels and key equipment	200 to 300
Soap stamping, wrapping and packing, granules making, granules storage and handling, filling and packing granules
General areas	150
Control panels and machines	200 to 300
Edible products processing and packing	200
Textile Mills (Cotton)
Bale breaking and picking	150
Carding and drawing	200
Slubbing, roving, spinning, spooling	200
Beaming and slashing on comb
Grey goods	200
Denims	300
Weaving
Patterned cloth and fine counts, light	300
Patterned cloth and fine counts, dark	500
Plain grey cloth	200
Cloth inspection	700
Textile Mills (Silk and Synthetics)
Manufacturing
Soaking, fugitive tinting, conditioning, setting or twist	200
Winding, twisting, rewinding and coining, quilting and slashing
Light thread	200
Dark thread	300
Warping (silk or cotton system) on creel, on running ends, on reel, on beam, on warp at beaming	300
Heading (drawing-in)	700
Weaving	300 - 500
Inspection	1000
Textile Mills (Woollen and Worsted)
Scouring, carbonizing, testing, preparing, raising, brushing, pressing, back-washing, gilling, crabbing and blowing	150
Blending, carding, combing(white), tentering, drying and cropping	200
Spinning, roving, winding, warping, combing (coloured) and twisting	450
Heading (drawing-in)	700
Weaving
Fine worsteds	700
Medium worsteds and fine woollens	450
Heavy woollens	300
Burling and mending	700
Perching
Grey	700
Final	2000
Wood Working
Rough sawing and bench work	150
Sizing, planing, rough sanding, medium machine and bench work glueing, veneering	200
Fine bench and machine work, fine sanding and finishing	300

Table 8.1.10 Recommended Values of Illumination for Industrial Buildings and Processes (for Occupancy classification see Chapter 2, Part 3)

Area or Activity	Illuminance (lx)
Storage Rooms of Ware House
Inactive	25
Rough bulky	50
Medium	100
Fine	250

Table 8.1.11 Recommended Values of Illumination for Storage Buildings (for Occupancy classification see Chapter 2, Part 3)

1.5 ILLUMINATION OF EXIT SIGNS AND MEANS OF ESCAPE

1.5.1 Exit Signs

1.5.1.1

All required exit signs shall be illuminated at night, or during dark periods within the area served.

1.5.1.2

Exit signs may be illuminated either by lamps external to the sign or by lamps contained within the sign. The source of illumination shall provide not less than 50 lux at the illuminated surface with a contrast of not less than 0.5. Approved self-luminous signs which provide evenly illuminated letters having a minimum luminance of 0.2 cd/m² may also be used.

1.5.1.3

Exit signs within an area where the normal lighting may be deliberately dimmed or extinguished, such as places of entertainment, shall be illuminated either by lamps contained within the sign or by approved self-luminous signs.

1.5.2 Means of Escape Lighting

1.5.2.1

The means of escape and exit access in buildings requiring more than one exit shall be equipped with artificial lighting. The lighting facilities so installed shall provide the required level of illumination continuously during the period when the use of the building requires the exits to be available.

1.5.2.2

The intensity of illumination at floor level in the means of escape shall not be less than 10 lux, except that the minimum required floor level illumination of aisles in assembly halls, theatres and cinema during projection of motion or still pictures by directed light shall be 2 lux.

1.5.2.3

The illumination of exit signs and the lighting of the means of escape and exit access shall be powered by an alternate or emergency electrical system to ensure continued illumination for a duration of not less than 30 minutes after the failure of primary power supply.

​1.1 SCOPE

​1.2 TERMINOLOGY

​1.3 ILLUMINATION

​1.3.1 Principle of Lighting

​1.3.2 Planning the Brightness Pattern

​1.3.2.1

​1.3.2.2

​1.3.2.3

​1.3.3 Lighting Calculations

​1.3.3.1

​1.3.3.2

​1.3.4 Recommended Illumination Values

​1.3.5 Artificial Lighting to Supplement Daylight

​1.4 LIGHT FITTINGS

​1.4.1 Classification of Lamp Fittings

​1.4.1.1

​1.4.1.2

​1.4.1.3

​1.4.1.4

​1.4.1.5

​1.5 ILLUMINATION OF EXIT SIGNS AND MEANS OF ESCAPE

​1.5.1 Exit Signs

​1.5.1.1

​1.5.1.2

​1.5.1.3

​1.5.2 Means of Escape Lighting

​1.5.2.1

​1.5.2.2

​1.5.2.3